The full course · Beginner to advanced

52 lessons. One clear path.

Every lesson has worked examples, exercises and a 10-question quiz. Start at the beginning or find the lesson you need.

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1. Lesson 1: The Basic Sentence

   Past tense marker na'a · Pronouns ku and ke

2. Lesson 2: Tense Markers and Pronouns

   Present 'oku, perfect kuo, future te · All 13 pronouns

3. Lesson 3: Descriptive Words

   Adjectives as verbs · Postposed modifiers

4. Lesson 4: Time Words

   Yesterday, last night, a short time ago · Tomorrow, tonight, in a while

5. Lesson 5: Commands and Emphasis

   Singular commands (bare verb) · Plural commands with mou

6. Lesson 6: Location

   Being somewhere ('i + place) · Location questions ('i fe)

7. Lesson 7: Prepositions: Ki, ʻI, and Mei

   Direction ki (to) · Origin mei (from)

8. Lesson 8: Articles

   Indefinite ha (some) · Definite e (the)

9. Lesson 9: The Negative

   Negation with 'ikai te · Tense marker changes (na'e, 'e)

10. Lesson 10: The Comitative Mo

    Mo = with/and · Companion phrases

11. Lesson 11: Question Words

    When (past): 'anefe · When (future): 'afe

12. Lesson 12: The Ko Pattern

    Identifying things (ko e + noun) · Demonstratives ('eni, 'ena, e)

13. Lesson 13: Ko Questions

    Who? (ko hai) · Where is? (ko fe)

14. Lesson 14: Greetings and Social Formulas

    Formal greetings · Common expressions

15. Lesson 15: Noun Subjects

    Named subjects after the verb · Focus marker 'a

16. Lesson 16: Equational Sentences

    I am a teacher (ko e + noun + pronoun) · Named equationals with ʻa

17. Lesson 17: Possessives

    ʻE-class (controlled items) · Ho-class (characterizing items)

18. Lesson 18: Definiteness and the Definitive Accent

    Three levels of definiteness · Stress shift for definiteness

19. Lesson 19: Transitive Word Order

    Agent ʻe and object ʻa markers · Intransitive vs. transitive contrast

20. Lesson 20: Numbers and Time

    Counting 1-10 and beyond · Numeral particle ʻe

21. Lesson 21: Auxiliary Verbs

    Want to (fie) · Can/able (lava ʻo)

22. Lesson 22: Aspect Markers and Frequency

    Still (kei) · Already (ʻosi)

23. Lesson 23: Obligation and Necessity

    Should (ʻoku totonu ke) · Must (kuo pau ke)

24. Lesson 24: Conjunctions

    And then (pea) · And as one event (ʻo)

25. Lesson 25: Plural Markers

    General plural (ngaahi) · People plural (kau)

26. Lesson 26: Purpose, Reason, and Benefit

    Purpose clauses with ke · Reason with he

27. Lesson 27: Comparison and Degree

    Comparative with ange · Superlative with taha

28. Lesson 28: Directional Particles

    Mai (toward speaker) · Atu (away from speaker)

29. Lesson 29: The Possessive System in Full

    Doer/receiver principle · Indefinite possessives

30. Lesson 30: Temporal, Conditional, and Concessive Conjunctions

    If (kapau) · While (lolotonga)

31. Lesson 31: Existential Expressions

    Back-reference with ai · There is (ʻoku ʻi ai)

32. Lesson 32: The Faka- Prefix

    Causative forms · Manner/style expressions

33. Lesson 33: Instrumental ʻaki and the Suffix -ʻi

    Instrumental ʻaki · Transitive suffix -ʻi

34. Lesson 34: Reported Speech

    Pehē (to say/think) · Side-by-side clause stringing

35. Lesson 35: Adjectives and Compound Adjectives

    Postposed adjectives after nouns · Preposed adjectives (fuʻu, kiʻi)

36. Lesson 36: Cleft Sentences and Emphatic Word Order

    Cleft with transitive verbs · Cleft with intransitive verbs

37. Lesson 37: Postposed Possessives

    Postposed ʻe-class (ʻaʻaku) · Postposed ho-class (ʻoʻoku)

38. Lesson 38: Warnings, Hopes, Permissions, and Uncertainty

    Permission (tuku ke) · Hopes (ʻofa ke)

39. Lesson 39: Relative Clauses with Ai and Demonstratives

    Ai in relative clauses · Full demonstrative system

40. Lesson 40: Spatial Nouns

    Loto (inside) · Lalo (under)

41. Lesson 41: Word Class Flexibility

    Nouns used as verbs · Verbs used as nouns

42. Lesson 42: Time Expressions

    Asking name (ko hai ho hingoā) · Asking age (ko ho taʻu fiha)

43. Lesson 43: The Taʻe- Prefix and Advanced Negation

    Taʻe- before nouns (without) · Taʻe- before verbs/adjectives (un-, not)

44. Lesson 44: The Definitive Accent System

    Three levels of definiteness revisited · Semi-definiteness

45. Lesson 45: Verbal Nouns

    Preposed subjects become possessives · Postposed subjects unchanged

46. Lesson 46: Noun Classes

    Personal nouns (ʻia, kia, meia) · Local nouns (place names)

47. Lesson 47: Conditionals and Counterfactuals

    Conditional future ka · Ka vs. kapau

48. Lesson 48: Suffixes

    -ʻanga (place/source) · -nga (thing)

49. Lesson 49: Prefixes

    fe-...-ʻaki (reciprocal) · fe- (communal)

50. Lesson 50: Reduplication and Expressive Sound Devices

    Complete reduplication · Partial reduplication

51. Lesson 51: Special Pronoun Uses

    Impersonal te/kita (one/oneself) · Impersonal possessives

52. Lesson 52: Emotional Articles and Possessives

    Emotional definite siʻi (poor/dear) · Emotional indefinite siʻa